Thursday, March 31, 2011

Written on the face look healthy

 Eye:
1, around the eyes swollen eyelids symptoms of
l - internal organs (kidney, stomach, heart) function reduce water accumulation caused by the body
l black eye - the blood contains too many old wastes, they will become so muddy around the eyes (renal)
l wrinkles under the eyes - one of the aging orbital depression
l - the excessive consumption of physical energy within the eyelid
l whitening - symptoms of anemia
l yellow-white small pimple on the eyelid acne - high cholesterol
2, eye problems
l their whites yellowed - - hepatobiliary defects of the warning (jaundice)
l have bloodshot whites of the eyes - too tight liver, resulting in vascular congestion of the expansion of
l ; eye needle - immunity recession warning
3, eyes, functional disorders
l eyes can not be completely closed during sleep - stomach muscles caused by bad recession
l eye fatigue - liver dysfunction
4 eye secretions
l dry eyes - is apt to cause too many tears eye
l - reduced liver function, it is easy tears



mouth:
1, the mouth mouth around
l rupture - gastric loss of appetite caused by inflammation of pseudo-emitting acne around the mouth
l - gastrointestinal weakness
l dry lips - lips dry temperature rise will make the lip color off white
l - a warning sign of inadequate blood
l ; lip too red - excessive accumulation of body heat
2, the symptoms of mouth, secretions
l stomatitis - evidence of reduced immunity
l bad breath - there are five causes (gastric strong , dyspepsia, rhinitis, gum disease, tartar)
l feeling of dry mouth and sticky saliva - the body of water shortage
l morning and found a pool of saliva flow pillow - gastrointestinal weakness



tongue:
1, the shape of the tongue edge of a serrated tongue
l signs - swelling caused by too much water
l ; tongue cracks - water shortage
2, tongue, tongue movements
l skew - cerebrovascular disorders tongue tremor signal
l - that debilitating
3, the tongue color
l crimson tongue - white tongue body temperature rises
l - Institutional weakness
l purple tongue - the signal of blood is too thick tongue, varicose veins
l - - the risk of blood will not ring true signal
4, the tongue the size of the
l large, thick tongue - the body of water too < br> l tongue is small and thin - the body of water less than
5, the thickness of tongue
l tongue hypertrophy, could barely see the surface of the tongue - a significant gastrointestinal disorder or disease
l fur thin to be virtually invisible - weak or allergies
6, fur fur color
l whitening - hypothermia, reduced physical function
l fur yellow - that the body fat Pan-black - that the extreme physical loss



nose:
1, the nose of the state
l ; nose size - the strength of
l respiratory nasal flap - Respiratory not ring true
2, the nose nose emerge
l skin condition acne - there may be respiratory tract illnesses
l ; nose is red - a signal of excessive drinking
3, nose secretions from the nose can be seen
l low body temperature - according to the different types of nasal discharge to treat a cold
l stuffy nose - if ignored, could result in systemic hypoxia
l ; easy to nosebleeds - mostly because of weakness caused by gastrointestinal



cheek:
1, face
l cheeks crimson fever - body temperature regulation malfunction
l pale cheeks - the body of oxygen supply
2, skin condition
l cheekbone area wrinkles - as the main cause of
l UV acne on the cheek - whether the excessive diet or constipation
l cheek pores - sebum reduction is the main cause of large pores



teeth:
1, the teeth of the state
l ; easy to tooth decay - a precursor to osteoporosis
l grayed teeth - tooth decay within the emerging
2, state
l gums red, swollen gums - gums, gastritis or easy fatigue
l hemorrhage - inflammation of the gums or stomach weakness



hair:
1, hair
l ; made qualitative small - tend to have anemia or aging
l juvenile bald - excessive intake of fat will make the hair dry (genital recession) < br> l hair too - hair can be seen from the sign of the disease
l Junior White - the relationship between calcium and the hair appears
l curly hair - hair qualitative fine
l fork, breaking too much - will cause the hair on the physiological anemia
2, the state of the scalp
l Dandruff - into ; scalp soft and lacking in flexibility - the symptoms are swelling



nails:
1, nail shape
l ; nails with longitudinal cracks - the formation of the aging of the the past ; spoon-shaped nails - the body's distress signal (severe anemia, uterine fibroids, endometrial disease, it is best to do detailed inspection)
l clubbing of nails (the feeling of oppression started forward deformation) - prone to heart disease in a person's white nail root
l half-moon disappears - physical deterioration
l mica nails - nails showing dry
2, nail color
l ; nails showing red red - the blood is too thick (note cardiovascular)
l showed purple nails - blood turbid or cardiac dysfunction
l nail is white - anemic tendencies.

Einstein wrote the letter after 5,000 years

 Years after Einstein's letter addressed to 5000

years after Einstein's letter addressed to 5000
● Lost Name
great planted in 1938, the
This is the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in order to meet the second year the Expo will be held in New York clubs for a special gift. When the World Expo to meet the
this gift through time and space, has a shell made of copper alloy chrome, looks like a huge two-meter-long bullet. Are loaded in it, except when people are so proud of the scientific inventions and daily necessities, including a documentary, there are more than 10 million words of the document microfilm, and three , including Einstein.
he wrote:
, even through the radio, we can easily send the message to every corner of the world.
However, the production and distribution of goods is a completely disorganized, people have anxiously for their livelihood on the go. The people living in different countries, always killing each other over a period of time necessary. This allows each person think of the future, are filled with anxiety and fear.
This is because, with those who truly contribute to society than people, the general public's intelligence and moral character to be much lower.
I believe that our future generations, it would have with a kind of natural superiority, to read these few lines of text above it.
time, many scientific discoveries are used in military, into a more advanced weapons, driving people to kill each other and compete. In his view, the rapid development of the social science and technology, and human environment is deteriorating. Scientists have written
Since then, the contradiction between technology and the humanities has not stopped. Wrote this passage in the second year, Einstein signed a separate letter, proposal grab U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt developed the atomic bomb before Nazi Germany. A few years later, that is, two embody the latest technology so that the atomic bomb, Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of civilians.
and that In 1965, in order to meet again in New York Expo, a new Was named in the But scientists have no written message to future generations.
Now, in this second largest park in New York, people playing in the wide lawn, barbecue, walking, one person only one reminder of how high the stone, granite, 15 meters from the ground cave, buried 5,000 years after it sent a gift.
and 72 years ago, today it seems very easy to get Einstein called But scientists are worried about the social reality remains unchanged. Of human killings and the fight never stopped, the panic of the future still continues.
now planted its own 70 years ago, in Atlanta, Oglethorpe University President Yage Bu once commented that a record of contemporary civilization
but it is clearly much more than influence. At least, Einstein wrote in 5000 to this letter after it has been time, courier brought everyone. Always someone reading these words, it will stop and think about the relationship between technology and the humanities, the lack of human society think about those things.
but most people are too busy to think of these. When people's attention continually focused on the technology's rapid economic development, human reflection on the culture.

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

L & landscape design part of the work 1

 Beijing Qin Wo
design:

Eastern styles of architecture on the continuation of local culture, in China to maintain diversity on the basis of content to absorb the essence of oriental architecture, emphasizing the feeling of the courtyard, Outdoor indoor space close without leaving marks, Au courtyard, set within the courtyard of the joint to as yin and yang, clever and ironing. In landscape design, we followed the concept of architectural design space and study the traditional houses and the palace residence of the relationship between architecture and garden, will focus on several primary and secondary roads in the spatial organization of re-planning on the one hand, a large design wall single-family homes increased privacy of the villa, and to upgrade the entire building and courtyard from the entrance to the building sense of the overall quality and sense of dignity.





landscape mood:

neighborhood and the alley through the space of traditional research, in this case based on the sort of modern way to reorganize the street space , the overall form of the modern connotation of China's representation, temperament and content of the performance of dynamic and static in the living among the architecture, landscape forms, from traditional and modern aesthetic adaptability, highly characteristic of modern living . Especially for the rational design of spatial scale, proportion and overall coordination of the appropriate people living on the psychological feeling of them on the cultural connotation of mining as the leading landscape design ideas to solve.

primary and secondary roads, and functions through the space planning organization, we propose the design of our five key:

quiet street, Shen Xiang, Hope Hospital, Huaxi, landscape garden



quiet street

6-meter-wide main road on both sides led by Big Joe, middle and rich groups shrubs, occasionally revealing a high gray walls, in the street 7 Building mansion entrance and form a sub-space in front of trees guard, Ying Street is a screen wall, a good sequence of dramatic space propulsion. 7 houses have also been recorded in Ouyang Xiu's Drunkard Pavilion words to name, such as: the Stream, Ran, stuffed spring, Lin Fei, fragrance, Lin He, double clear and so on.

Shen Xiang Shen Xiang

7 条 7 were the theme of this plant to flower alley, a Magnolia Lane, dolphin tang Lane, Kintai Lane, Bauhinia Lane, sumac Lane, Begonia Lane, Lee Lane thick. The alley as the background space to plant bamboo, the nodes in the open space to green groups to enhance the rich family of the landscape.

Xin courtyard homes

all under the walls of the enclosure of the courtyard, the more privacy and space is more and more big area, and in modern Chinese style to decorate the courtyard, making the indoor and garden between the more natural kind, forming a warm courtyard. Huaxi



range in the Eastern main channel where there is a temporary river makes a lot of houses in the back garden planted by the Stream number of plants and aquatic plants, staggered planting houses across the river, making the Pro River Garden space as possible to get an extension, will stream into the entire backyard landscape.

landscape garden is located in the Eastern

a large area of ​​public green space we have a modern approach to the interpretation of the traditional garden landscape garden, to soul-stirring landscape garden waterfall as the visual focus of the entire landscape Stone Mountain Park is the embrace of the stream, the middle is the open lawn, and designed for people to open a wooden frame.





material details of the design - the main color is gray, simple, simple, calm, atmosphere, quiet and rich texture, traditional gray with white marble and white sesame dado China is both content, and a fashion sense, the spirit of many of the building.

patterns - set on a rich family tradition of Tongliang, marble reliefs, bronze handles, bronze wall lights, in front of the door mounds are placed in white marble, the whole sense of the rich family's honor reflected.

space - the details of the arrangement of the local street space as the value of each point of a life, the overall implication of space in the details in the form of linked and complementary.

courtyard - blend of indoor and courtyard space. Outdoor garden wall of the courtyard in real enclosure, high solid wall design to give owners more psychological sense of security, with full respect for the Chinese people's living habits. Wooden grille in the wall of the conversion and implementation to maintain the King by the King which way the use of expanding the range of sight and feeling, but also enriched the streets of the landscape.











Citic Mangrove Bay

developers: Shenzhen Citic Mangrove Bay Real Estate Co., Ltd.
completion: ongoing
scale: the landscape area of ​​130,000 m2

mangrove Bay has a clear and distinct planning, landscape design technique is the use of modern source, the landscape so full of mechanism to grow. A north-south along the 300 meters on both sides of the landscape long axis, long green trees form quite the formation of a green corridor, the space has been extended and unified. Eclectic design approach of the whole park, nature everywhere elegant, refined beauty overwhelmed, this 10 million square meters by the Lingnan style of modern landscape to transform and upgrade, L & space planning to a more reasonable and more in line with the overall quality of products positioning.











Final Design Statement Tao Chong Lake Park Hefei Urban Design Planning Introduction



monitor the development up to today, from fuzzy to clear, from black and white to color, from analog to digital, from sphere to plane ...
technology in progress, the city is also progress, present and future expectations of urban life has been from the original cold, busy, chasing the material living conditions, and gradually developed into the pursuit of harmony, health and diversity of high quality the pursuit of the ideal goal of life ...
design is not just to cater to people's lives, even if the go to guide people's lives.







Landscape Planning of Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province
Wenchuan Yingxiu Landscape

Client: Town in Wenchuan County, Sichuan post-quake restoration and reconstruction command
scale: an area of ​​35 hectares
Location: Sichuan Province
Design: August 2009 has
Client: Post-disaster restoration and reconstruction headquarters of Yinxiu County, Wenchuan Town, Sichuan Province
Size: 35 ha
Location: Wenchun City, Sichun Province
Time: Aug.2009 till now

Yingxiu as
Yingxiu position in the planning 5A to plan for the world-class tourist destination and style town. The design will create a memorable Yingxiu significant sites, including heart repair strategy and landscape environment assisted as:
1, providing a platform.
2, for children, young people can experience an outdoor venue and interaction.
3, for the elderly in the neighborhood to provide a space for the sun, drink tea and chat, play chess and card in place.
4, creating an incentive encouraging, purification of the mind and other specific atmosphere of the landscape environment.
5, creating an urgent need for the people affected the stability of a better living environment.
6, combined with multi-ethnic customs Yingxiu design.

Yingxiu Town is the epicenter and hard-hit area of ​​The design intent is to make Yingxiu Town to be a 5A resort and landscaping town of World. Yingxiu Town will be rebuilt as a memorial place in the reconstruction project. The main functions are:
To offer activity space;
To offer outdoor interactive places for children and youths;
To offer leisure space for old people in neighborhood space;
To create stimulating and purificatory environment;
To create stable and happy living environment for people in disaster areas; < br> To design in accordance with the multiracial customs of Yingxiu.




support the sports charity, L & in Li Ning Sports Park Landscape Design
general layout plan of the family joy extreme sports park, Chief
2010-03-08 11:02
Landscape Planning of Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province Wenchuan Yingxiu Landscape Client: Town in Wenchuan County, Sichuan post-quake restoration and reconstruction command of the project: an area of ​​35 hectares Location: Sichuan Province Design: since August 2009 Client: Post-disaster restoration and reconstruction headquarters of Yinxiu County, Wenchuan Town, Sichuan ProvinceSize: 35 haLocation: Wenchun City, Sichun ProvinceTime: Aug.2009 till now Yingxiu as hardest hit by an unprecedented hit, since the reconstruction began, from around the world and a wide range of experts involved in domestic disaster reconstruction planning and construction. Yingxiu position in the planning 5A to plan for the world-class tourist destination and style town. The design will create a memorable Yingxiu significant sites, including heart repair strategy and landscape environment supporting: 1, providing a platform. 2, for children, young people can experience an outdoor venue and interaction. 3 for the elderly in the neighborhood to provide a space for the sun, drink tea and chat, play chess and card place. 4, create an incentive encouraging, purification of the mind and other specific atmosphere of the landscape environment. 5, creating an urgent need for the people affected the stability of a better living environment. 6, combined with multi-ethnic customs Yingxiu design. Yingxiu Town is the epicenter and hard-hit area of ​​be a 5A resort and landscaping town of World. Yingxiu Town will be rebuilt as a memorial place in the reconstruction project. The main functions are: To offer activity space; To offer outdoor interactive places for children and youths; To offer leisure space for old people in neighborhood space; To create stimulating and purificatory environment; To create stable and happy living environment for people in disaster areas; To design in accordance with the multiracial customs of Yingxiu.

Thursday, March 24, 2011

Please people who love each patient and read on

 The boy was silent for a bit and nodded: later, the girl gave the boy thrown into the trash her scarf, she'll never see him, he promised to break up in the moment, what she do not need to ask the.
once, the boy doting on her like a treasure, even if the bad weather, he will run all over the city to buy a girl's favorite chocolate cake.
Last year, a few days before the birthday girl, and the rain poured down. Boy riding a bicycle, visit the seventy-eight Street, a collection of nine hundred ninety-nine RMB one point, and then awkwardly folded paper boat every night.
birthday girl, the boy secretly nine hundred ninety-nine paper boats on the girl's pillow, tucked below a note: my wife, happy birthday! Although the gift is worth only nine nine, but my love for you is priceless. Husband
girl woke up, saw the paper and gifts, was surprised and very touched that she believed the man to keep her dependent on a lifetime is not enough!
these few weeks, the boy always accompany the girls rarely, occasionally and girls together, he was always impatient to listen to girls clamoring for him to go with her where to go! Listened until the shoulders of the boy lying on the girl fell asleep, the girl angrily aside, he said angrily: do not come out,
that after each call to the boy the girl is always voice busy, or dead zones!
girl the night before the birthday boy came home, she saw a bunch of girls on the balcony Hanging out the clothes, her heart seems suddenly suspended to the throat, and what did not. She sat on the sofa in silence, waiting for the arrival of the boy.


fifty-nine past eleven p.m., the girl's cell phone rang, a call from the boy. said.

girls count the hours sitting in the window a little bit in the past, is already two in the morning, the boy not appear. She turn out the lights, drill into bed, closed his eyes wearily, and soon fell asleep ...


very tight.
After you have one already! I am worried that without me you how to do? I'll be gone, who will get you breakfast? it? Hi-handed, if you ask what you want, even the stars I have to give you off, like a few days or you do not talk to me! Hospital obligations blood, donated blood, I completed a walk first, and then you ignore me a week, and finally I yelled ten on the bus 'wife, I was wrong!' and then you finally agreed to talk to me! wife In fact, I halo of blood, blood, pale smoked, I'm afraid you are worried about, so to walk first! I'm good for nothing now! Why hide? go home because my sister, she lives in my house these days, I'm afraid she saw, you have not seen my sister now! and said: She looked at him and the usual boy always felt a bit different, but can not tell where the difference! Watched him leave the back, the girl stopped him kind of like the impulse, but she is still a fit of anger, and this time he asked her to speak to him a month before her!

the sun dipped into the bedroom, the girl lying in bed and stretched.
rapid ringing phone, pick up girls impatient, I hear a strange woman sobbing
a car accident!
boy's sister told her that last night he was killed and a truck collided, leaving him no time last words to be taken away death!
coal, met several times nearly lost your life collapse! Since then, girls did not talk too
love, she will always remember the boy's figure, if met his next life, she told him on the bus ten thousand: her husband, sorry!

Postscript
8 月 7 日
another month is the birthday of his wife! Seen today in a jewelry store called love life engagement ring. Birthday this year, keep up his wife to marry him.
8 月 10 日
units in today's hearing, said a colleague of mine coal mining on the move, well earned! I pleaded with to go, really good profit, there are fifty dollars a night out!
8 月 15 日
had dug a good risk, as well as landslides, was almost down to it!
8 月 21 日
Today my wife told me afterwards that I recently did not take her phone, asked me if I hate her? Stupid this lovely girl, I'll never hurt her too late, how would hate her, but I can not tell her that the signal is poor mine! Let her misunderstood it!
8 月 27 日
out today and my wife, I accidentally fell asleep, she was very angry and curse me out, why not blame yourself accidentally fell asleep! Even if more than five points yesterday, went to bed, we can not fall asleep, and my wife is happy!
9 月 1 日
from the country today to visit my sister, Mom told me to take back end must take his girlfriend to her old look!
9 月 4 日
Today is the last day of coal mining, coal we finished digging the dark, ready to call it a day, when suddenly it began to collapse, I was cave suppress the feet, good thing I keep trying very hard to climb out of their lives! I brought home salary of five thousand, and finally do this without fear of job
9 月 5 日
Na Zhaoqian to the jewelry store today to buy a ring, the day after tomorrow is the birthday of his wife, ten tomorrow night After the two points I want my wife to marry him, have not seen his wife for several days, and miss her Oh!
9 月 6 日
home today, my wife also, I saw her so happy, is preparing to tell her I miss her! If not yet, my wife told me that the first open break up with my heart hurt, tears in the eyes round and round, and I promised her, because I promised her whatever she asked me to do what I can not say no, even with her I will be sad to have to die broke! My wife hit me a slap, and then thrown out the door.
9 月 7 日
wife's birthday today, all day to her. I picked up the ring at night I called my wife, I must keep up his wife to marry him anyway, I want life to take care of her!
half way out of the ring rolled off the road from his pocket, I quickly stopped and ran across the Qujian. A truck flew over to my side, I was too late Hey! I just felt a bloody eyes!
do not know how long, I woke up and stood next to death, it tells me that I have does not belong to this world. I saw the bloody corpse holding my sister burst into tears.
wife, I'm looking for my wife, I beg the god of death, it promised me to meet his wife for half an hour.
wife came to bed, I stroked her hair, so reluctant to leave, I'm afraid I left no one to take care of his wife, how could she do?
wife, I'm sorry, I can not take care of you forever!
wife, you must be happy, if my next life I was so wretched, so I asked God let me meet you soon!
wife, farewell!
(after reading the sad heart, please help reproduced, we do not let more people miss the true love)






Wednesday, March 23, 2011

2010 of the 100 teachers selected bibliography of books (in alphabetical order )

 Guide: Theory to Practice
Education Press
research ] Chen Jieqi waiting for the Chinese People's University Press

pedagogy br> teacher professional development products
typical case of Community
Lu Xiao waiting
China Youth Press
teacher's recommendation of br> Chen Xingjie East China Normal University Press editor

Community
Community
> Beijing Normal University Press
br> Capital Normal University Press
Discovery of spring - new thinking classes in extra-curricular br> > China Light Industry Press
br> school - to achieve the potential of system leadership Joseph was, Tang Xiaojie translation
Capital Normal University Press
br> crisis management, ] Suhomlinski a, Zhao-wei, translated
Education Science Press
the China Youth Press
willing to learn: Enhanced Learning Strategy Motivation 150 * Ellman waiting, Fang Tong, East China Normal University Press and other translation

br> China Business Press
Wheeling Graham was, Zhao Meng, Jiangsu Education Press Translation

> Capital Normal University Press
br> Capital Normal University Press
Children will love learning to do De Wali - Solna with
China Youth Press
China Youth Press, the

br> Comprehensive
> school ,],[wait
China Youth Press
Press
Manley Central Compilation and Translation Press

Nature deficit disorder children SDX Joint Publishing
life
Qiu Yihong translation published in the South China Sea

Revised Edition) [U.S.] Stavrianos book, Dong Shuhui other translation
University Press
blues, SDX Joint Publishing
life

Shanghai Joint Publishing
] Mobo Ge book, Ke Hui Cong Translation of Chinese City Press
perso.

Tuesday, March 22, 2011

Legend of experience (to )

 There are a lot of information

of three cents and three cents outside the historical background to set
a mature role-playing game, not only should the plot, as full screen and so on martial arts, and should have appropriate Game background settings. a role-playing game like a novel, although the shape the characters, the plot unfolding is necessary, but it aptly describes the environment as people feel able to further set off for the smooth commencement of the plot greatly assist . In this paper, the Sword series of games, for example, focuses on three cents and three cents, but to discuss the background of the selected game relationship with the game.
I, III and Legend of Sword and the occurrence of three-time rumors of the story < br> first informed my research: the Northern Song Dynasty. The reader is living temporarily restrain curiosity, so I am going to be carried out preparatory work in order to reach this conclusion.
⑴ significance of the study must first be clear of
significance. Otherwise, I do not have motivation to write anymore, and below will also be a bunch of nonsense.
originally I was told that the Legend of the background is a chaotic time and space to study the historical background of Sword and meaningless place. At first I agree with this view, but now I have changed my mind. I think the Legend of the space-time background, albeit confusing, but it is not no research value. Legend, after all, not a various stages that a mix of historical figures set directly. To increase the authenticity of a certain (China has such a long and rich history, making a Chinese-style role-playing game, not some historical background of pity), Legend can to a historical period as the blueprint, then add mythology (which is three cents and three cents for the outside world view embodied in), so as to constitute a complete game background, virtual reality. So, the virtual Certainty and Reality in the You may not agree with this show, is heard, please correct me if wrong). first thing to say is that fairy drama production team even after the Daewoo authorization, and access to relevant information on the game, but after all, they have created TV series, not the game. Literature Masterpieces of the drama version would be larger relative to the adaptation of the original Shangqie, then bound to the adaptation of the fairy drama to some extent in contradiction with the game, it is not surprising. Therefore, the immortal words of the play is not enough evidence. As for Why not take one cent, two cents that matter, mentioned the following soon.
So, where to get information from it should be?
answer is unique: the game. (though it seems nonsense, but the above have proved the source of the study? This is based on several considerations.
① the time interval between the two games shorter. according to official data, the first three cents, three cents outside the post for 18 years at three cents, three cents a in cents After 50 years, Sally II in cents one after 8 years. with a graph is the: cents three r18 on r cents three foreign r32 on r cents a r8 of r Sin II. but cents second and cents an interval smaller. So this argument is absolutely not enough.
② three cents and three cents outside the development time later, but generation, second generation follow-up, should be more thoughtful consideration.
③ They are developed with a production team. This is the most realistic considerations.

evidence collection and analysis of material now listed and analyzed. materials are basically three cents outside. the following in accordance with the ① Sword Quest, said, Shushan camp (after the kind of three cents) is in the Southern Dynasty Emperor Wu of attack after the failure of the formation of Shushan .-- Legend (from one to the rumor) occurred in the Southern beam, she was elected dynasties left under the Liang, Chen (Northern omitted), Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing.
② three cents and three cents in the male lead did not remain outside the big queue - not the Qing Dynasty.
③ pretty state, Shi-dong residents to speak and how often you how to Han Chinese - ruled the Central Plains or at least half of China's Han dynasty suspected regime.
④ fairy flying a large map of the three major Sword in the Yangtze River region, Sin Three flights outside the Sword to win a large map of the northern states (not yet under control in the Central Plains) - not just suspected Ming, or win the state should be in areas under the control of Central Plains.
⑤ Shiwei this nation there - a player in accordance with previous research, Shiwei nation should exist in the Northern Wei (corresponding to sound like a beam, Chen) to the Yuan Dynasty.
⑥ naming names (in the same historical period, the official under the control of a the title area should be consistent, unless the merger gun, renamed, etc.) - but that was insufficient, as the title for a region, civil and official may be inconsistent. so this section should not be overly dependent, for reference only. < br> ⑦ capital position and construction - the south bank of the Yellow River, the phase within the Temple, the location should be in Kaifeng. the city has a bridge, and a more detailed and authoritative information, see the 27th floor.
⑧ guns appear (policy led the army to attack Shushan Wen) - after the Song. the invention of gunpowder during the Tang Dynasty and spears (originally recruited by Perak Tong Xiao Lei day is such items as research. but he said time or not contradictory), the Northern Song Dynasty had the ability to manufacture artillery (although the Ming Dynasty The Mongols also used artillery to conquer other cities world-famous). Moreover, temperature is the policy elite forces led by, the assembly of new weapons is reasonable.
⑨ capital has a reader's examination - Sui later. Examination (refer to examination) before in the Sui Dynasty.
⑩ has become dangerous nonsense. > In summary, the text can be the first conclusion: Legend III and Legend of the occurrence of three-time rumored Song story.
Second, how to look at the background of the game?
note that the main meaning of this title is to determine the historical background, which will facilitate the production staff to bring.
First, the characters dress can be determined;
Second, some geographical features can be sure of things (for example, the history of the Yellow River diverted several times to determine the historical period of the Yellow River to be basically determined);
Third, NPC lifestyle, furniture items, daily necessities can be determined;
Fourth, to introduce some historical events (eg, war), increased weight of history;
hh not going to list out.
If you are a casual gamer, this will help you understand some of the story. For example, why the state would win the war because the regime was the rise of ethnic, national contradiction.
However, the above is just a personal conclusion. officials have not released them to set the historical background of the developer (at least I have not heard, so I only do this study) is estimated to be worried about too much emphasis on the historical causes the story was too limited, so do not make. This is my In reality, nothing more to play under the blueprint.
three individuals for election virtual age; It helicopter heaven, people from falling into hell. state relations during the war can not be ignored. Liao War Song War well known. there is war, it is easy to the birth of a hero, which is called absolutely material. The It seems to belong to can not be limited to the territory of China (referring to the border now), can inspire players to The item shop more?!)
technology developed, rich material and cultural life. This is of course relative. the older the history, the more solid precipitation.
There are few other dynasties like the Song case.
four postscript
my purely amateur history buff, also requested that the Department improperly. If you have any comments or suggestions, may wish to discuss (again a reminder: Do not say one cent, two cents, I say the Interested parties can read some other people to
research found that most of the study is the object of a cent. Although cents and cents for a three and three cents an inseparable connection outside, but with a series of works, contradict each other is not surprising. This paper is the study of three cents outside the (so sent to the area), the so-called Bamboo House has left a link)
In addition, the post also a few days ago, 】
the hit TV series Voice of controversy. noise, let us temporarily from those of the Goof eye lens, or those inconsistent with the original adaptation of the plot away, along with visits to bring us this wonderful fairy tale of the game author mmm Yao Zhuang constitution.
1969 constitution Yao Zhuang Born in Taiwan, China, childhood in the countryside, close to nature, his childhood obsessed with grasping
loach, catch frogs, play in a small stream. Though the family has a sister, a sister and a brother, but Yao Zhuang constitution childhood withdrawn and, like a loner. It is because of such experiences, the subconscious Yao Zhuang constitution mapping it in the game, so there will be some that Li mmm this country through the struggle to become heroes of the left hand. Yao Zhuang constitution further revealed a failure of love if not, there will be a game fans lips is the classic story so far.
stealing school money to buy game consoles
Yao Zhuang constitution the beginning of his career, thanks to his high school to earn money secretly bought the game. because of fear of being reprimanded by his family, he can only play when no one home. richness of the game to Yao Zhuang impressed by the constitution, he often found in the heart from the mind of the perfect game set. considered to the family, Yao Zhuang constitution to give up college opportunities to all distinctions into a secondary school, learn to make simple games.
debut, computer begins, to my mind only one thought: I want to write a game. So in learning career, I used the school computer lab to write the numerous small game, because of the mapping software is not developed, in order to do games also to write a graphics software. But the time I play the game instead of less, the other students in the lab is used by computer most of the homework, or playing games, but I write a lot of games around the clock to give students to play. career was in 1989, Yao Zhuang at 20-year-old constitution.
lovelorn frustration born Li Xiao Yao
1993, the Yao, Zhuang constitution made to do, mmm from the script to the program, art, music, all processes have his involvement. br> After the break in the first to write a Song of itself is probably cut it? and Yao Zhuang constitution himself said: Paladin the feelings of their hearts, Yao Zhuang charming bride was originally one of Gazette's staff, once frustrated, halt the year before the impact of online games, TV version of The two starring Hu Ge and Liu Yifei.
The role of Happy turns you out of Nicholas Tse, Jimmy Lin, and stars such as Vic audition, and ultimately, Shushan Yao Zhuang constitution disciples playing extras found in Hu Ge, handpicked him as the male lead. Facts have proved that TV version of so game fans the satisfaction of actors and the game is quite similar, handsome style is very much like opera Hu Li Xiao Yao, but was only their second year of Hu Ge said: Fairy, 』『 re-building with the magic 』General for the conflict between labor and often fight, has been a close call, meaning they increasingly are sympathetic. re-building and the plants grown in their own proposal to found a new Once upon a time in the duel, a more the abilities of Erigeron days because of rules and the spirit world hesitation, finally agreed to withstand the temptation of re-building.
two evenly matched, a test of protracted and ultimately alerted the heaven, the Emperor sent troops to condemn the capture of Erigeron, canadensis because of perceived distracted by approaching from behind, knocked saber was re-building human and lost hh
Erigeron vindictive spirit world was banished man, after many reborn as Yuzhou Xin Tang Men Sedum 』『 man pawn shop. Meanwhile, re-building from the Devil spy world, happened to find the reincarnation of such a humble ordinary Erigeron, read the want to help move the hearts of Sedum, then came to earth, nuisance Shushan, want to help Erigeron sword back, accidentally destroyed Suoyao Ta , happens to get the plants grown in the world the first world countries Ginger Prince mm Longyang 』『 Shadowbane refining cast.
Shadowbane Sedum get the same time, made the acquaintance of Miss Tang Men 』『 Xuejian, her life changed forever . a family began to be involved in several non Tang Men and breaking internal struggle and the struggle among the Church, and then abandoned only encountered Shushan and his fiancee 『』 『Zhang Qing Xuan』 Purple embarked on to help find five-Ling Zhu Shushan , seal Suoyao Ta the long journey. has been hidden in Shadowbane embodiment of the ghost out, turned out to be the sister of Sedum Past Longyang 』『 nigrum. a few people love entanglements, death repeatedly intertwined entangled hsuehchien bizarre life experience, purple Xuan dark secret, Solanum nigrum hearts desire has long been associated with human-hh dead demon world struggle to survive death, but in fact people's desire, is the origin of all disputes.

when Wuling Heaven and Earth in a ; aggregate of Pangu body's The spiritual power of water is broken down into 『』, 『』 fire, thunder 『』, 『wind』, 『』 soil, ties.
not old fool God, heaven and earth there have been aggregated to form a new spiritual power of God, because God is the kind of clear air, clear air between heaven and earth wins the aggregate of failure to maintain the balance between heaven and earth was broken away from the voicing, farther and farther away from land so days, and there out of the earth and soaring trend, so that day will not be able to absorb the spirit of power, heaven a crisis of energy supply, the spirit world to repeat the mistakes of Pangu. Thus, the spirit world for the Spirit the strongest known as the away from the earth. to the spirit world to continue to receive spiritual power from the supply of land, and the result is spiritual power were Ling Zhu absorbed by the earth itself, the excessive consumption of spiritual power tends to collapse. San Juan had also Lingzhu in the Land of to make it sustain the earth's shape. However, the spiritual power has been gathered, the original face of the earth balance, which was originally the land of picturesque everywhere, suffering Lingzhu Land of effect, and some cold and some places where heat, water, fire disasters often occur.
Wuling ring relative to g, endless, constitute a source of power between heaven and earth.
six circles of going toward the dark moon
, cicada mantis I do not know the Spring and Autumn, mortal Yang Guan Heaven I do not know your body inside. the so-called world, far from the reach of mortal eye could see one side of a circle. before God sector, insufficient for the immortal gods, who fell for the magic lost. God into the mundane world, who made the Sky and open up world , deified as the demon of all things, the five circles for the ghost lives quiescence.
『』
the spirit world of Pangu physical collapse due to the formation of the spirit world, living in days, divided into the sanctuary for four days, four Brahma, colorless community for four days, eighteen days colored circles, Yujie six days a total of thirty six. God to survive in the meantime, no body no desire, has eternal life.
do not die, old, men and women of the points without Nannvzhishi , under the strict no warmth at all levels. endless distraction of life is difficult, there are always crazy men Rouge of the North broke through imprisonment, all for the love and discard, chic world. It is said that even the supreme master of the spirit world, hh
following a period of past Devil 』『
and diametrically opposed Devil spirit world, spirit world exists in parallel to the sky and the anti-world, space and time confusion, the connected. magic to survive in the meantime, no order, no goal, no desire and no do not want to.
without thinking not want no desire, no life without death disorder. capricious as the devil, and occasionally because of long-term coexistence and the gradual enlightenment because the unexpected touch and insight, I learned a little bit of human emotion, even if do not understand what it is, but dedication to want to have. So, the magic is not magic hh
『』
Once upon a land of mountains located in the rooms, including ten Cave, xxxvi small cave heavens Seventy blessed. cents from human practice is a necessary into the way of God, long life and have to do, there is the infinite body.
hovering population between man and God, in the face of Yang Mi high spirit world, do not know how many years to go through a long practice to get to, do not know whether to reach, overlooking Miaoxiao human Souls, but also give up his many years of repair. cautious, conservative, and not worry about the outcome completely, can we truly do not know when to act by their own original mind, and not be worried other.
『』
demon world practice can become a demon beast vegetation, the surface of the earth, ghosts community, and the Devil has to survive Once upon a time, there is no order and dispersed, there is the traditional law of the jungle. but in fact the real demon world, it seems hidden in Shushan!
the beasts of the original vegetation ignorant, because sudden inspiration or by chance and turned into a demon. is always different number, not to accept the original kind, not the people, with people always tragic results, so he and the people as enemies, so there is Shushan, with Suoyao Ta, ordinary people in the population was removed with the immortal legend of fox sperm Huayao.
『』
who live in the land sector, the Goddess made, life is short, a national, social system, moral constraints.
the most extraordinary and most unusual group, after a period of strife and killing other people, is one end of the peace without war. I wonder whether the other six sectors, to arrogantly Souls seal themselves as the first. The so-called ghosts, and do not believe in the letter pass between a gossip. the only disdain for six community is love and care, but just on the soft, the feeling of all things visible carry on!
『』
reincarnation ghost sector terminus and starting point, there within the earth, including a gate of hell, a Dong Nai River, six official Cao, Yan Luodian ten, twelve Division official, eighteen layers of hell.
dead man the devil enter into the cycle of the six sector. This is terminus of life, but also the starting point of life. How many people holding a cavity from blood loss, and how many are not willing to only overtaken by a Review. too athletic, drink Mengpo Tang, six cycle of crying followed by The First grievances , whose son stone, also carved a deep, write down the debt had the feeling also of hh
-----< br> > that music, in the Chinese game, doing the best is the can still hear the One of the characteristics that many players today can still recite
Fairy Magic battle of wits past lives dream, Jiandanqinxin present Union.
Romance disputes cycle down, chivalrous tenderness in touching.
signature poems read strike, the next in the bow began to speak!
Legend I wrote a poem of the word record, the quality also flat. this must not repeat the same mistakes, so I began very early in gestation and preparation.
comes to writing poetry, I'm very much at home, but my personality is not favorite verses or quatrains neat parallelism, word most agreeable to me! relatively large degree of freedom, Zhang Duanju the scattered more rhythm, and different Cipai naturally have different emotional, used to set off the most appropriate to the circumstances.
While the decision by the word-based, but the poem and ultimately to the occasion, first to a Qilu, talk about the context of the entire game.
vast Shushan seek Oz, sword too hard Weile Qing.
thousands Xiao contained under the same dream, and death were Yuanyan enduring alliance.
Yi Yong rivers and lakes meet early, want to return to the shadows of the world total.
Haikushilan heart does not give up, swear to make the situation day ghost scared.
trying to think of international, pop up a mind, , chaotic corner of the sky, Weak water road three thousand. but also because sentences show, Italian Lau, the light will immediately dream of falling into the melancholy side of the body. to one of the four out, just a good poem:
Feiqiong fairy passengers off the old Taoyuan wrong.
chaotic corner of the sky, Weak water road three thousand.
a lot about thousand, only drink poured. like a thousand years ago the ancient specifically for
cardamom term workers
abundant natural requirements better. First of all hosts to the word spectrum, not only in words in strict accordance with Cipai asked to write, in the antithesis, with the rhyme Oblique will strive to achieve meticulous. chosen to use rhyme, in order to read fluently and the majority of players receiving care level, but not used in accordance with this rhyme rhyme.
Cipai also try to never repeat: v. Passions, Yi Jianmei, Yaner Mei, Song of Picking Mulberries, Ye Golden Gate, Royal Street line, should be like a male grass hh string of pearls falling into a jade plate. noticed? Cipai we choose names are three words, which is to and the , the name of the seven chapters are: charming love, sparse wind, hazy fog, snow, sad, bleak frost, rain Lost Souls, transfer rainbow. As to why the name of all sections with climate terms, it is because the names of the protagonists are from plants, ah! plant corresponding changes in the weather, not more Huazipiaoling, impermanence of life you sad?
start of the game, actor and actress Tang hsuehchien Sedum in the scenario of a very special meet Two people not only have physical contact accidents, Sedum also Xuejian injury, the state of mind at this time I am afraid the only Sedum first .
front adjourned new song, heart intentional, love without hurt.
rivers and lakes far away, blue sky a long way vast.
like having the taste, feeling more pregnant, unlimited consider.
words compared to poetry, there would be less binding, more than a hint of mood, is more suitable for the performance of delicate feelings and psychological changes. Therefore, in three generations, those who have missed the highlight of the performance of emotional words set off, so the the atmosphere, just like Lanshe the fragrance, rich and dense to distribute it.
composing poems and couplets, as it always is accompanied by the line, three generations of no exception. Before introduced three generations in all the stores have different The name and origin. as shops, of course, as Dr. Asahara couplets, the game has a lot of Chinese people Ascot, ordinary houses in the pictures and interesting couplet is found everywhere.
between the words of the northwest city of Yuzhou Happy Inn : The boss is Li Lan, the inn is not in Yuhang, in the end do what the inside story? we played the game to know.
Leizhou restaurant, long pieces together, is written:
drunk wine and food, the laughter is also true, to say truth, exposing the real machine, it will take a few minutes Xianqi;
cents to Xiu, the days of Coke to Coke get to the fun, more than just a Liquormania.
everyone is giving rise to the :
Citylink value of the clean sword; dumping money clouds sword the country.
we all know that the next generation of the right place, it is very neat and appropriateness. also some changes after three to five words, suddenly became a single couplet from the general as the reflects our music so that everyone aftertaste for many years, with Taiwan's production team, but we also do a good job within the team most prepared. First, the application of 3D audio technology, based on sound given the location and distance of objects, sounds have different volume and direction of this, and fills the whole background music scene that will not conflict.-house production of sound is also better, and beautiful music in order to better match.
set to music is my biggest headache planning the work, because I was almost a tone-deaf not only the lack of musical knowledge, and almost no memory of the melody. Fortunately, Zhang Yijun, director in charge of my very good at music, but also a planning background, so a lot of work in this area to be dealt with by him.
Zhang Yijun, director of help The work is mainly done in my style of text setting and art scene, finding the right melody or orchestration of the reference music, music production available to the group reference. After all, relative to the wonderful music, the text becomes pale and poor, while reference to music is a bridge between the two sides, and is the most intuitive image of the Oh! but the process is working very hard and boring, need large amounts of data in the selection, it is difficult to choose the conditions encountered need everyone to participate in the discussion or vote.
specific to the music production staff, a total of four, who have specialized, are abundant experience in the production of senior musicians. First of all, I will introduce the godfather of Taiwan Province, Mr. Zhou Zhihua MIDI community, he is a professional The music master works include advertising, drama, games, animation, music and live performances, pop music composer, arranger and other aspects, only the TV series had more than 60 works of music, and television programs and documentaries in Japan, some of master of music also from the hands of weeks, with Japan NHK The first album produced dozens more too numerous to mention.

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Chapter IX tourist hotel star ratings system (b)

 Division of the conditions Section
star hotel for a one-star
1. Hotel layout is reasonable, within easy access to normal activities in the hotel.
2. Public information graphical symbols found GB / T 10001.1 and GB / T 10001.2 requirements.
3. have to adapt to local climate, heating, refrigeration equipment, the regional ventilation.
4. good facilities and equipment maintenance, to clean, sanitary and efficient.
5. and services for a variety of instruction in at least used words in standard English also said.
6. to provide services in English.
7. Lobby:
a) a lobby and main desk; < br> b) the main desk in the lobby of a prominent position, with decorative, light is good, there are signs in English and Chinese. Lobby of the Mandarin reception staff more than 18h reception, inquiries, billing, and messaging services;
c) to provide hotel services project publicity materials, room tariff, where the tourist traffic map, the main transport schedules;
d) to provide small pieces of luggage storage services;
e) provide access to store luggage service.
8. Rooms: < br> a) at least 15 rooms (suites) rooms available for rental;
b) lock for the built-in lock, have anti-theft devices, prominently posted emergency evacuation plan and instructions;
c) fitting well with upholstered beds, tables, chairs, bedside cabinets, and assorted furniture;
d) at least 75% of the rooms have a bathroom, equipped with a toilet bowl, basin, shower or bath (with shower curtain.) floor room without bathroom divided into men and women with an interval of type of public health, and specifically for guest use between men and women divided into an interval-style public bath, with shower curtain. to adopt effective anti-slip, 24h supply of cold water, 16h hot water;
e) Lighting sufficient, shade curtains;
f) with hotel service directory, price list, accommodation notice;
g) rooms, full day, finishing the bathroom once every other day or upon request change of bed linen, sheets and pillowcases, and Each passenger will be changed;
h) 16h hot and cold water.
9. Food:
a) with tables and chairs, dishes, lamps and lighting adequate supporting dining area;
b) able to provide breakfast;
c) Food processing area and equipment clean and tidy, health.
10. Public Areas:
a) is divided into male and female public toilets;
b) a public telephone; < br> c) have emergency lighting;
d) the corridor walls clean, there is decoration, 24h lit, no obstructions. and other clearly marked emergency exits, location and reasonable.
two, two-star
1. The hotel layout is reasonable, easy access to normal activities within the hotel.
2. Public information graphical symbols found GB / T 10001.1 and GB / T 10001.2 requirements.
3. have to adapt to the climate where heating , refrigeration equipment, the regional ventilation.
4. good facilities and equipment maintenance, to clean, sanitary and efficient.
5. all kinds of directions and services with minimum use of words in standard English also said.
6. to provide services in English.
7. Lobby:
a) have with the hotel scale, the stars and the total fit Front Desk;
b) the main desk in lobby prominent position, with decorative, light is good, there is in English and Chinese signs. lobby receptionist Mandarin 24h reception, inquiries, billing, and messaging services;
c) to provide fax service;
d) provide the main desk Hotel services publicity materials, room tariff, where the tourist areas (spots), introduced, tourism traffic maps, newspapers and major transport schedules;
e) a luggage cart, luggage and out to provide room service;
f ) to provide small luggage storage services;
g) a manager on duty in the post 24h;
h) Let guests place to rest.
8. Rooms:
a) at least 20 rooms (suites) are available rental rooms;
b) lock for the built-in lock, have anti-theft devices, prominently posted emergency evacuation plan and instructions;
c) fitting well padded beds, tables, chairs, bedside cabinets, and assorted furniture;
d) at least 75% of the rooms have a bathroom, equipped with a toilet bowl, basin, shower or bath (with shower curtain.) room with no bathroom floor is divided into men and women, the interval between the type of public health and specifically for guests divided into men and women using an interval-style public bath, with shower curtain. to adopt effective anti-slip, 24h supply of cold water, 18h hot water;
e) Adequate lighting, with blackout curtains;
f) are convenient Use of the telephone, you can dial or use pre-paid telecom cards to make international and domestic long distance calls, and with instructions for use;
g) have a color TV, good picture and sound quality;
h) with noise abatement and insulation measures;
i) with hotel service directory, price list, accommodation notice;
j) has at least two specifications of the power outlet;
k) room, the bathroom once a day, finishing a comprehensive, request should be replaced daily or bed sheets, blankets and pillowcases;
l) to provide laundry services;
m) 24h hot and cold water.
9. Food:
a) has lit dining area, tables, chairs, tableware, lighting package;
b) able to provide breakfast;
c) upon request room service;
d) Food production area and equipment to be dry, clean and hygienic.
10. Public Areas:
a) to provide carriage or car parks;
b) four (with four) or more of the building when guests use the elevator;
c) a public telephone, and with a local telephone book;
d) is divided into male and female public toilets;
e) consignment of stamps, issued on behalf of the letters, consignment travel daily necessities;
f), there are emergency lights;
g) the corridor walls clean, there is decoration, 24h lit, no obstructions. and other clearly marked emergency exits, location and reasonable.
three, three-star
1. Hotel layout is reasonable and easy access in the hotel activities.
2. indicates clearly with signs, public information symbols found GB / T 10001.1 and GB / T 10001.2 requirements.
3. with air conditioning facilities, the regional ventilation, temperature and humidity suitable.
4. a star compatible with the computer management system.
5. facilities and equipment maintenance a good, safe to use, to clean, sanitary and efficient.
6. the management system is sound, and the hotel size and star is consistent.
7. all kinds of directions and services with minimum use of words in standard English also said.
8. all of the customer service area can be used to provide services in Mandarin and English.
9. Lobby:
a) 有 ability to adapt with the reception foyer. beautiful and unique interior decoration. There with the hotel scale, the star corresponding to the main desk;
b) section of the main desk in English and Chinese signs, reception staff available 24 hours reception, inquiries, billing, and messaging services;
c) the total bill provides a one-time billing services (other than goods);
d) credit card settlement services;
e) to provide hotel services publicity materials, room tariff, local tourism traffic map, the location of tourist attractions, the major means of transportation schedules, and press fit guests;
f) 24h-room reservations;
g) has Hotels and guest valuables safe while open. safe position is safe, hidden, to protect the privacy of the guests;
h) set gate guard, 16h greet guests;
i) full-time porter located, a dedicated baggage cars, 18h offers baggage service. a small pieces of luggage at;
j) a management staff on duty in the post 24h;
k) set up the lobby manager, 18h in the post service;
l) in non-operational areas Let guests place to rest;
m) Valet reservations and arrangements for taxi service;
n) hall and main public areas with disabled access ramp, with a wheelchair, can provide the necessary services for the disabled. < br> 10. Rooms:
a) at least 30 rooms (suites) rooms available for rental;
b) a door endoscope and anti-theft devices, prominently posted in the emergency evacuation plan and instructions;
c) fitting a good, beautiful, padded bed, dresser or desk, wardrobe and hangers, chairs or simple sofa, bedside cabinets, bedside lights and luggage rack, and assorted furniture. indoor carpet, wood flooring, or other more high-grade materials. indoor area lighting and the goal by a good illumination;
d) have a bathroom, equipped with a toilet bowl, sink (with basin, lavatory mirror and the necessary supplies), bath or shower. bathtub with a shower curtain head (otherwise a separate shower room with shower heads that can not.) effective anti-slip. to use more advanced building materials decoration floors, walls and ceilings, soft colors, a good goal illumination. has Good exhaust ventilation systems or devices, appropriate temperature and humidity and the room. There 110V/220V power outlet .24 h uninterrupted supply of hot and cold water;
e) are easy to use phone, dial directly or use the prepaid Telecom card fees make international and domestic long distance calls, and with instructions for use;
f) to provide Internet access services, and instructions;
g) have a color TV, broadcast channel not less than 16 months, the picture and sound quality good, with channel instructions. playback of content should be consistent with the provisions of the Chinese Government;
h) have effective anti-noise and noise measures;
i) at least two specifications of the power outlet and provide outlet converters;
j) 有 blackout curtains;
l) en-suite;
m) 有 compatible with the star stationery. a service guide, price list, accommodation notes, local tourism Attractions and tourist traffic map. shall upon request provide the press;
n) room, the bathroom once a day, finishing a comprehensive, daily or on request replacement sheets, blankets and pillowcases, guest supplies and consumables to add complete; < br> o) to provide turndown service, place the night to pay tribute card;
p) in bed with cotton fabric (bed sheets, pillow, pillowcases, blankets and sheets, etc.) and knitting supplies bathroom (bathrobes, bath towels, towels, etc.) material well, exquisite workmanship, soft and comfortable;
q) 24h hot and cold drinking water, free tea or coffee;
r) 70% rooms have small refrigerators, wine and beverages to provide adequate, available equipment and prices for drinking single;
s) guests in the room parlor, you can request additional chairs and tea service;
t) to provide a message and wake-up service;
u) to provide clothes wet, dry cleaning and ironing services, comfort ;
v) there is room service menu and drink list, 18h room service, there can be hung outside the door of the room card;
w) Shoe Shine Service.
11. Restaurant and Bar Room:
a) has a restaurant, for breakfast, lunch and dinner service;
b) a single or a small banquet hall banquet, banquet services can provide;
c) a bar or tea room for guests to rest, or other communication and beverage service establishments to provide;
d) utensils without damage, health, clean;
e) Single beautiful and clean and drink menu, a dish no less than 90%.
12. Kitchen:
a) position is reasonable, close to restaurants;
b) full-tiled walls, filled with anti-skid surfacing materials, have to groove, there are ceiling;
c) cold dish, the pasta separate separated, there adequate air-conditioning equipment. cold dish room temperature, in line with food hygiene standards, with air disinfection facilities;
d) roughing isolation rooms and other operations, the operating room suitable temperature;
e) the need for refrigeration, freezing facilities;
f) between the location of dishes and reasonable, adequate facilities;
g) have a special place temporary waste facilities and maintain its close;
h) between the kitchen and dining, there are from the sound and heat insulation and separate out the role of every odor, self-closing spring door;
i) to take effective disinfection mosquitoes, cockroaches and other pests measures.
13. Meeting of recreational facilities: a conference recreational facilities, and provide services.
14. public areas:
a) to provide carriage return line or the parking lot;
b) four (with four) or more of the buildings have adequate passenger elevator;
c ) There is a public phone, and with a local telephone book;
d) is divided into men and women, the interval between the type of public health;
e) with small shops selling daily necessities, travel, tourism souvenirs, handicrafts and other goods;
f) consignment of stamps, issued a letter on behalf of, provide fax, copying, typing, international long distance telephone services;
g) provision of computer rental services;
h) have emergency power and emergency lighting;
i) the corridor floor carpet or other high-grade materials, clean wall, 24h lit, no obstructions. emergency exit signs, clear and reasonable location.
15. the choice of projects with at least 10.
four, four-star
1. hotel layout and features and reasonable, facilities, easy to use, safe.
2. internal and external decoration with high-grade materials, exquisite workmanship with outstanding style.
3. indicates clearly with signs , utility, public information symbols found GB / T 10001.1 and GB / T 10001.2 requirements.
4. with central air conditioning (except villa-style resort hotel). the regional ventilation.
5. there with the stars level computer management system to adapt.
6. a public audio broadcasting system. background music tracks, sound suitable, good sound quality.
7. good facilities and equipment maintenance, no noise, to clean, sanitary and effective. < br> 8. the sound management system, and the size and star hotels are consistent.
9. all kinds of directions and services with minimum use of words in standard English also said.
10. can Mandarin and provide services in English, if necessary, a second foreign language can be used to provide services.
11. Front:
a) spacious, with the reception ability to adapt;
b) atmosphere deluxe, unique style, elegant , color coordination, adequate light;
c) 有 and hotel size, corresponding to the total star desk;
b) section of the main desk in English and Chinese signs, reception staff available 24 hours reception, inquiries , billing services;
e) mail service;
f) the total bill to provide a one-time billing services (other than goods);
g) to provide credit card settlement services;
h) 18h to provide foreign currency exchange services;
i) to provide hotel services publicity materials, room tariff, in English and local traffic maps, location and the nation's major tourist attractions, the main transport schedules and the corresponding press;
j) 24h-room reservations; < br> k) has also opened hotels and guest valuables safe. safe position is safe, hidden, to protect the privacy of the guests;
l) set gate guard, 18h greet guests;
m) full luggage set member of a special baggage car, 24h to provide baggage services. with small pieces of luggage depository;
n) a management staff on duty in the post 24h;
o) based lobby manager, 18h in the post service;
p) in the Non-operating area rest areas located guests;
q) Valet reservations and arrangements for taxi service;
r) hall and main public areas with disabled access ramp, equipped with a wheelchair, a toilet or lavatory for the disabled bit, can provide the necessary services for the disabled.
12. Rooms:
a) at least 40 rooms (suites) rooms available for rental;
b) 70% area of rooms (excluding bathroom ) not less than 20M2;
c) luxurious, with high-end upholstered bed, desk, wardrobe and hangers, table, chair or sofa, bedside cabinets, bedside lamps, table lamps, floor lamps, full length mirror, luggage rack, etc. Advanced matching furniture. indoor carpet, or wood floors or other more high-quality high-grade surface material. the use of regional good lighting and the goal illumination;
d) room doors automatically closed, the door looking glass, door bell and anti-theft device . prominently posted emergency evacuation plan and instructions;
e) have a bathroom, equipped with advanced toilet bowl, sink (with basin, lavatory mirror and the necessary supplies), bath with shower head and (a separate can not shower with shower head), with a shower curtain. faucet hot and cold clear identification. to adopt effective anti-slip. to use more advanced building materials decoration floors, walls and ceilings, elegant tone soft lighting and the purpose of using partition Good thing illumination. has a good low-noise exhaust system, temperature, humidity and room suitable. There 11OV/220V uninterruptible power outlet, telephone, Deputy machine. hairdryer .24 h with hot and cold water;
f) have convenient Use of the telephone, dial directly or use pre-paid telecom cards to make international and domestic long distance calls, and equipped with telephone use instructions and the location of the main telephone directory;
g) to provide Internet access services, and use Description;
h) have a color TV, broadcast channel not less than 16, the picture and sound quality good, with channel instructions. playback should be in line by the Chinese Government;
i) a visitor can control the sound quality Good audio device;
j) and noise with noise abatement measures to good effect;
k) has at least two specifications of the power outlet, easy to use, and to provide outlet converters;
l) have curtains and blackout curtains in the outer layer;
m) are single;
n) a suite;
o) has at least three-bay suites;
p) are compared with the stars adapt to the stationery. a service guide, price list, accommodation notes, location introduced tourist attractions and tourist traffic map, press fit with the guests;
q) room, the bathroom once a day, finishing a comprehensive, daily or at request change of bed linen, sheets and pillowcases, guest supplies and consumables to add complete, and upon request at any time into the room clean finish, added amenities and consumables;
r) bed with cotton fabric (bed sheets, pillow, pillowcase, quilts and the lining, etc.) and bathroom knitting supplies (bathrobe, towel, towels, etc.) material well and exquisite workmanship, soft and comfortable;
s) to provide turndown service, place the night to pay tribute goods;
t) 24h hot and cold water and ice, and free tea or coffee;
u) rooms feature mini-bar (including a small refrigerator), providing the right amount wine and beverage, with consumption of equipment and price list;
v ) voice mail and wake-up service;
w) guests in the room, parlor, you can request additional chairs and tea service;
x) to provide clothes dry cleaning, washing and ironing and mending services, comfort, you can within 24h offers expedited return service;
y) with room service menu and drink list, 24h room service available in the Western. room of not less than eight kinds of varieties of dishes, drinks at least four kinds of varieties, sweet variety is not less than four, there may be room to hang outside the license;
z) Shoe Shine Service.
13. Restaurant and Bar Room:
a) has reasonable layout, luxurious decoration, restaurant;
b) a unique, elegant style, location, reasonable coffee shop (or simple restaurant), providing buffet breakfast, Western-style dinner;
c) a single or a small banquet hall banquet, banquet services offer ;
d) have a special bar or tea room for guests to rest, or other communication services and provides a place drinks;
e) complete sets of utensils used in the Western press configuration, no damage, health, clean;
f) single binding exquisite menu and beverages, complete and clean, the food rate of not less than 90%.
14. Kitchen:
a) reasonable location, layout science, pantry line does not cross with other public areas;
b) full-tiled walls, filled with anti-skid surfacing materials have to groove, a ceiling;
c) cold dish, the pasta separate separated, there is enough air-conditioning equipment. cold dish room with air disinfection facilities;
d) rough and other operating isolation rooms, operating rooms each suitable temperature, air supply sufficient;
e) the need for refrigeration, freezing facilities, raw and cooked food and food sub-cabinet home semi put. there dry goods warehouse and timely liquidation foods;
f) between the location of dishes and reasonable;
g) have a special place temporary rubbish and keep the closed facilities, sewage facilities (to tank, range hoods and exhaust outlet, etc.) clean smooth;
h) between the kitchen and dining, there are from the noise, heat and smell of the role of every spring and out of separate doors;
i) to take effective disinfection mosquitoes, cockroaches, etc. pest measures.
15. Meeting of recreational facilities: a conference recreational facilities, and provide the appropriate services.
16. Public Areas:
a) there is sufficient parking;
b) more than three there are a sufficient number of high quality building passenger elevator, car decoration and elegant; comes with a service elevator;
c) a public telephone, and with the city phone book;
d) are the main areas of men and women divided between the interval type of public health;
e) a small shop selling everyday goods travel, tourist souvenirs, handicrafts and other goods;
f) a business center, on sale of stamps, issued on behalf of the letters, to provide telegraph, fax, copying, typing, IDD telephone and computer rental services;
g) purchasing transportation, entertainment, visit the ticket;
h) tourism services within the city;
i) main public areas of CCTV monitoring system;
j) have emergency power supply facilities and emergency lighting;
k) corridor carpeting the ground or other high-grade materials, clean the walls, there is decoration, 24h lit, no obstructions. Emergency exit signs, clear and reasonable location.
17. the choice of projects with at least 26.
five, five-star
1. the hotel layout and features and reasonable, facilities, easy to use, safe.
2 . internal and external decoration with high-grade materials, exquisite workmanship with outstanding style.
3. instructed by signs clear, practical, aesthetic, public information symbols found GB / T 10001.1 and GB / T 10001.2 requirements.
4. central air conditioning (except villa-style resort hotel), the regional ventilation.
5. there with the star's computer management system to adapt.
6. have public audio broadcast system. the background music tracks, volume suitable for , good sound quality.
7. good facilities and equipment maintenance, no noise, to complete, clean and effective.
8. the sound management system, and the size and star hotels are consistent.
9. The kinds of instruction and services used words in English at least at the same time with the norms of that.
10. can be used to provide services in Mandarin and English, if necessary, a second foreign language can be used to provide services.
11. Lobby:
a) spacious, with reception capacity to adapt, not to have a depressing sense of the guests;
b) an atmosphere of luxury, style, elegantly decorated, color coordinated, well-lit;
c) 有 and hotel size, stars level corresponding to the main desk;
b) section of the main desk in English and Chinese signs, reception staff available 24 hours reception, inquiries, billing services;
e) mail service;
f) The total bill provides a one-time billing services (other than goods);
g) to provide credit card settlement services;
h) 18h to provide foreign exchange services;
i) to provide hotel services publicity materials, room tariff, in English site traffic map, the national tourist traffic map, location and the nation's major tourist attractions, the major means of transportation schedules, and press fit guests;
j) 24h-room reservations;
k) have a hotel and Guests also open valuables safe. safe position is safe, hidden, to protect the privacy of the guests;
l) set gate guard, 18h greet guests;
m) located full-time porter, a special baggage car, 24h provide baggage services. with small pieces of luggage depository;
n) a management staff on duty in the post 24h;
o) based lobby manager, 18h in the post service;
p) Management Area located in non-guests resting place ;
q) Valet reservations and arrangements for taxi service;
r) hall and main public areas with disabled access ramp, equipped with a wheelchair, there are dedicated disabled toilet or toilet seat, for persons with disabilities necessary services.
12. Rooms:
a) at least 40 rooms (suites) rooms available for rental;
b) 70% area of rooms (excluding bathroom and porch) of not less than 20M2 ;
c) luxurious, with a cultural atmosphere, a comfortable mattress, desk, wardrobe and hangers, table, chair or sofa, bedside cabinets, bedside lamps, table lamps, floor lamps, full length mirror, luggage rack and other senior furniture. indoor carpet shop for high-level, or high quality wood floor or other surface decoration materials. using illumination area lighting and the goal well;
d) room doors automatically closed, the door looking glass, doorbell and security device. prominently posted emergency evacuation plan and instructions;
e) a spacious bathroom, equipped with advanced toilet bowl, sink (with basin, lavatory mirror and necessary supplies), bath with shower and head (otherwise you can not separate shower with shower head), with a shower curtain. faucet hot and cold clear identification. to adopt effective anti-slip. with luxurious decoration building materials floors, walls and ceilings, elegant soft tone, the use of Partition good lighting and the goal illumination. has a good ventilation system no noise, no significant difference in room temperature. There 110V/220V uninterruptible power outlet, telephone, Deputy machine. hairdryer .24 h with hot and cold water;
f) are easy to use phone, dial directly or use pre-paid telecom cards to make international and domestic long distance calls, and equipped with telephone use instructions and the location of the main telephone directory;
g) the provision of international Internet access services, and available for use;
h) have a color TV, broadcast channel not less than 16, the picture and sound quality excellent, with channel instructions. playback should be in line by the Chinese Government;
i) There may be good guests can control the sound quality of audio devices;
j) and noise with noise abatement measures to good effect;
k) has at least two specifications of the power outlet, easy to use, and provide outlets converter;
l) with sand screens and blackout curtains;
m) There are single;
n) en-suite;
o) have at least four-bay suites;
p ) are compatible with the star stationery. a service guide, price list, accommodation notice, the location of tourist areas (spots), introduced and tourist traffic map, press fit with the guests;
q) rooms, bathroom comprehensive clean-up once a day, daily or upon request change of bed linen, sheets and pillowcases. passenger full complement of supplies and consumables, and the guests clean sweep into the room at any time, added amenities and consumables;
r) bed with cotton fabric (sheets, pillow, pillowcases, quilts, and the lining, etc.) and knitting supplies bathroom (bathrobes, bath towels, towels, etc.) material well and exquisite workmanship, soft and comfortable;
s) to provide turndown service, place Good night to pay tribute goods;
t) 24h hot and cold water and ice, and free tea or coffee;
u) rooms feature mini-bar (including a small refrigerator), providing the right amount wine and drinks, with drink with the equipment and price list;
v) parlor in the room guests can request additional chairs and tea service;
w) to provide a wake-up, message and voice mail services;
x) to provide dry-cleaning clothes , washing, ironing and mending services, comfort, guests can return within 24h express service;
y) are single-room menu and drinks, 24h room service available in the Western. room no less than eight varieties of dishes species, at least four varieties of drinks, desserts, at least four species, there may be room to hang outside the license;
z) Shoe Shine Service.
13. Restaurant and Bar Room: < br> a) positional reasonable and luxuriously decorated restaurant;
b) positional reasonable, luxurious decoration, the professional foreign elegant restaurant, with a special kitchen;
c) 有 unique, elegant style, reasonable cafe location (or simple restaurant), can provide buffet breakfast, Western-style dinner. coffee shop (or a restaurant) business for not less than 18h and a clear business hours;
d) single room with three or more parties or a small banquet hall, banquet services can provide;
e) have a special bar or tea or other communication and provides a rest for the guests drink service establishments;
f) complete sets of utensils used in the Western press configuration, material grade, sophisticated technology, unique, no damage wear scar, smooth, Health;
g) a single binding exquisite menu and beverages, complete and clean, the food rate of not less than 90%.
14. Kitchen:
a ) position is reasonable, the layout of Science, pantry line does not cross with other public areas;
b) full-tiled walls, filled with anti-skid surfacing materials, have to groove, there are ceiling;
c) cold dish , the surface points separated by independent, have adequate air-conditioning equipment. cold dish room with air disinfection facilities;
d) changing the second place between cold dishes and facilities;
e) rough and other operating room isolation, the operating room suitable temperature, air supply sufficient;
f) the need for refrigeration, freezing facilities, raw and cooked food and semi-food sub-cabinet placement. a dry goods warehouse and timely clean-up expired food;
g) between the location of dishes and reasonable;
h) have a special place temporary rubbish and keep the closed facilities, sewage facilities (to tank, range hoods and exhaust ports, etc.) to keep smooth clean;
i) the kitchen and between the restaurant, there are from the noise, heat and smell of the role of every spring and out of separate doors;
j) to take effective disinfection mosquitoes, cockroaches and other pests measures.
15. Meeting of recreational facilities: a conference recreational facilities and equipment, and provide the appropriate services.
16. Public Areas:
a) there is sufficient parking;
b) more than three buildings with a sufficient number of high-quality passenger elevators, car elegant decoration; comes with a service elevator;
c) a public telephone, and with the city phone book;
d) is divided into major regions are the intervals between men and women between the type of public health;
e) a small shops selling daily necessities, travel, tourism souvenirs, handicrafts and other goods;
f) a business center, on sale of stamps, issued a letter on behalf of, agency telegram, telex, fax, photocopying, IDD telephone, typing and computer rental available other services;
g) purchasing transportation, entertainment, visits and other ticketing;
h) tourism services within the city;
i) emergency aid room;
j) have emergency power supply system and emergency lighting;
k) main public areas of CCTV monitoring system;
l) corridor carpeting the ground or other high-grade materials, clean the walls, there is decoration, 24h lit, no obstructions. emergency exit signs clearly visible, the location and reasonable.
17. the choice of projects with at least 33.
six platinum five-star
1. five-star hotel with more than two years eligibility.
2. location in the city central business district or downtown area, traffic is extremely convenient.
3. building a clear theme, appearance unique, help to establish local tourism destination image.
4. internal functions of the layout and decorated, with local history, culture, natural environment, combined with just enough performance and heighten the atmosphere of its subject.
5. Apart from the magnificent lobby and entrance, the overall atmosphere of the hotel is extremely luxurious.
6. various types of facilities and equipment fully equipped, top quality; have a hotel within the main regions of temperature and humidity control system.
7. positional reasonable, functional and elegant taste, decorated executive floors dedicated service area, at least for the executive floors offer 24h butler service.
8. The following items have at least 5:
a) common room area of not less than 36M2;
b) has reasonable layout, luxurious decoration, elegant style, in line with international standards Senior Western Restaurant, Western-style meals and provide formal banquet;
c) there is a reasonable location, tastefully decorated, the atmosphere rich independent closed bars;
d) have a clear height of not less than 5M, at least 500 people ballroom;
e) very high degree of international recognition, with an average room revenue per available rental location for three consecutive years living in five-star hotel in the forefront;
f) a spectacular scale, the idea of unique scientific layout and decoration elegant, outstanding special facilities.
9. the choice of projects with at least 37.
VII, select the project (total 74)
1. general categories (21):
a ) five or more restaurants that share the same chain of more than 10 hotel brands and a hotel management company by the same management;
b) more than five consecutive years served as general manager of the hotel the same level senior ...

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Status of income distribution, trends and Reform

 Status of income distribution, trends and Reform
Time: September 7, 2009
Location: China Pudong Cadre College
am very pleased to have the opportunity to share the problem of income distribution in China. I want to talk about six aspects. First, the international perspective on income distribution; Second, China's reform and income distribution during the impact of changes in trends and factors; third is hidden on our income and actual income gap; fourth is hidden from where the income gap; Fifth, the threat of future development of the imbalance in income distribution; Sixth, reform the management system, to correct imbalance in income distribution.
First, income distribution, international perspective
(a) the theory of income distribution, income distribution problems and we
now facing the problem of insufficient domestic effective demand is closely related. China is faced with insufficient effective demand, direct impact factors of the international financial crisis. shrinking the world market, China's exports fell sharply, resulting in a serious decline in production of the export sector and some business failures . But the more fundamental reason is domestic demand, economic growth, excessive dependence on external demand. a long time, lack of effective demand in China has been a problem, from the international experience, it always and income distribution together. Now I want to mention three.
first is Marx. Marx's down, income polarization, leading to absolute impoverishment of workers and the public lack of consumer demand. It is because of lack of mass consumption, making the rapid expansion of production capacity after the goods sold, excess capacity. This is the result of a cyclical crisis of capitalism underlying causes. was the era in which Marx or the early stages of capitalist development, lack of demand from the allocation of capitalist society brings, so Marx believed that capitalism can not solve it is a fundamental contradiction. In Marx's view only through public ownership, changing the capitalist system, community together and shared the fruits of production, to be able to do to resolve this conflict.
but in the 20th century, a series of changes in this problem. So that is second to Cairns. 30 years from 1929 to the outbreak of the Great Depression, the United States, the British economist John Maynard Keynes in 1936 published the famous: that lack of demand, the demand for consumption and investment by the two major elements of an open economy, plus net exports, are the three elements. No matter which of these three elements in a little, and no other elements to add , will result in inadequate aggregate demand. Keynes was mainly focused on the investment, he believes when a high savings, but the investment will result in less savings, lack of effective demand. Therefore, he proposed the government to take expansionary fiscal policy to increase government spending, but also to adopt expansionary monetary policy to stimulate investment, thus expanding aggregate demand.
Overall, since the Keynesian theory developed, Western countries in response to the economic crisis should be said that with a fairly effective means is through expansionary policies, can substantially reduce the impact of the economic crisis and shorten the time of crisis, the relatively stable economic operation. Marx's early to judge that the lack of aggregate demand is a fundamental contradiction in the capitalist countries did not method to solve. in fact, came out from the Keynesian policies, the problem can be resolved in a way. but there are still problems, that is, after years of practice, that Keynesianism is often effective in the short term, but the expansionary fiscal policy and monetary policy, long-term will lead to inflation, and the leading role on economic growth decreased; inflation and economic stagnation are often associated with the line, that is often said that the stagflation. that is, to solve the crisis in the short term, but long-term development is a problem. This is because income distribution more fundamental problem is not resolved.
third is Kuznets. the last century 50's, the U.S. economist, published a well-known Kuznets articles, specializing in income disparity. He studied the United States, Britain, Germany, found that the historical data from the perspective of these countries in the past 50 to 100 years, have experienced a first expansion and later income gap narrowing process. later Economists call this discovery Kuznets inverted U-curve, that is, a certain stage in the development of rising income gap, and then go through a phase and gradually decreased.
many economists, including some domestic economy scientists of the Kuznets curve has a different interpretation, and some people say that because of the Kuznets curve, we do not need income gap too worried about the problem, because over a period of time after the income gap will automatically be reduced. But in fact if we read the article Kuznets, you will understand he did not mean that the income gap will not automatically shrink. He believes that the convergence of the income gap is conditional, and highlighted a number of factors. First, labor force in the development of these countries have gone through the process of industrialization and urbanization, large labor force in this process from rural to urban, from agriculture to non-agricultural. So in the long run will reduce the urban-rural gap. Second, the pattern of population growth , in a certain period of high population growth, high mortality, but later turned to low population growth, low mortality, demographic changes have an impact on income distribution. Third, he emphasized the role of government policies, especially progressive income tax and estate tax, that these changes in income distribution in the gap and solve the problem of uneven distribution of income has an important role. Finally, he also stressed the democratic political system, because most of these countries have experienced early in the development of authoritarian and centralized system This was gradually turned into the present political system. Kuznets summarized this process as a democratic political reform process. He believes in a totalitarian system, the ruling could plunder of ordinary people, so the distribution of income will cause serious uneven, and through the reform of the political democratization, making all levels of society got involved in politics, monitoring the government's right to a certain extent, this improvement in income distribution.
(b) of the income distribution system of foreign practice < br> In the past so many years of development, income distribution in different countries have different practices, following a simple list of what I have. First, Europe and America. European countries in the development process, just talked about the early 19th century, Marx referred to the capital case doctrine, when both Europe and elsewhere, the income gap is very large. In the later course of development, especially of the 20th century, European countries and gradually establish a public welfare, social security and transfer payment system, through the These changes in the system, improve the income distribution, reducing the economic and social instability.
economies of these countries is still the market economy, but some aspects of the problem is not the market itself can be resolved, such as the income gap that problem. European countries through social security and public welfare system to change the income distribution structure. The U.S. also experienced a certain extent such a process. In the 30's during the Great Depression, Roosevelt took office, the implementation of the New Deal, including two content. First, the expansion of public spending, and Keynes's claim that exactly the same, that is, to invest in public through the Government's financial infrastructure, roads, bridges, etc., to deal with the crisis this way. So when the Great Depression Keynes's writings published in the New Deal affected to some extent. There was recorded to the United States to see that Keynes Roosevelt, Roosevelt talked with him about some measures of public expenditure so the idea of Roosevelt's view of his attention. But also has an episode, Cairns left, Roosevelt speaks to others that this person is a bit pedantic. The second is to establish a system of social security and redistribution. In fact, Roosevelt was introduced from the policy, not limited to Keynesianism. because Keynesian say is the expansion of public expenditure, while Roosevelt was in addition to expanding public investment, the implementation of relatively easy monetary policy, there are other content, is to establish social security and improve income distribution. when the United States passed the Fair Labor Standards Act there are differences, though, when the 30s that the U.S. has basically established a social security and social welfare system, but later development, is still the greater emphasis on free market economy, not in favor of high social benefits. relative for the protection and welfare level of the United States and European countries is very low in comparison. Of course Europe is different, and different parties have different policies after taking office. But in general, European countries, social security and welfare extent than the United States. and how the two modes takes better, in fact, there has been controversy, some U.S. economists believe that welfare is too high, there is no efficiency; and some European economists believe that the gap will ignore the social distribution lead to social instability, disharmony. that the two statements are clearly in a way makes sense, but what some of which should be more, it is difficult to conclude, may have to look at the future. because both the United States, nor European these countries still have strong vitality, they still are developing.
Over the years, the United States have developed relatively quickly, but in the world financial crisis, we look back, will get some experience learned. according to some economists explain the rapid development of the United States over the past entirely from the free market economy and free competition. why the United States can maintain rapid development in a long time? it though not as high as the European level to implement the social security and public welfare, but on the other needs to find a way to expand is to expand consumption through debt. United States does not change the income distribution, holding the poor or small, rich or take the more money it can borrow the poor, by credit card, housing loans to advance, the ordinary people in this way to stimulate consumption. to the crisis erupted last year when the total liabilities of the U.S. general population 14 trillion, equivalent to the U.S. one-year GDP, coupled with the federal government debt, state government debt, corporate debt and bank debt, a total of 50 trillion, equivalent to half of GDP, three times. by living beyond the means to expand the consumer, the United States to maintain a fairly long period of rapid development.
statement by George Soros, the United States that by blowing up a bubble of debt, in fact, 50 years from the last century began, and more bigger and bigger, until it was broken today. So the crisis, the United States is very naturally carried out a series of major adjustments, the public is ahead of the past consumption, and earned both a money and now want to savings, consumption declined. China's exports have been such a big blow, but also because the international market is shrinking, especially the Americans not to spend money. not only the United States, also contributed to the impact on the European countries, leading to a significant decline in Chinese exports.
Next, I simply talk about the Latin American model. Latin American countries are also more concerned about the type of people. economists have a the development of a series of very distinctive features: the first is the income gap is very large; the second is the relative stagnation of economic development, and often hyperinflation; third is social unrest, social instability, frequent changes in political power, social conflict frequently. from the historical development of Latin America point of view, there are many academics in this analysis, that they faced problems in the development of practical and relevant income gap is too large.
recent years Latin American countries have experienced an obvious rebound, that is, leftist government came to power, the implementation of the policy of narrowing the income gap, which is called populist policies, but also a degree of nationalization and so on. It is caused by the enormous income gap between the past a rebound. the public vote left-wing government's vote, because it can bring a relatively equitable income distribution. However, if the adjustment in this respect too, may be a problem. As we reform before the distribution is equal, the absolute rule of the state economy status, but inefficient, slow economic growth rate, a large waste of resources. If Latin American countries prior to such adjustment to China's reform is not a good thing. but overall, the policy is like a pendulum, when placed head to the right time, on the left put out; it will be overkill and will not stop in the middle, but will placed on the left, place the head may turn back, then to the right place. If a country's political system, economic system, about the total swing in the course of this , of course, will affect its continued development. Therefore, both the protection of society to find a fair and appropriate system of protection of market efficiency, it is very important.
in Latin American countries, the last right-wing government in general and the United States have maintained good relations, they also acknowledged the ideological consensus in Washington. But in this and a lot of specific issues, in other words, although they admit the free market economy, but in fact in Latin America, relatively high levels of economic monopoly, competition inadequate. In some cases, in some industry sectors, the policy of laissez-faire and unrestricted private ownership, will gradually lead to natural monopolies. while in other cases, economic strength and power combine to enhance the degree of monopoly . In my opinion, this is actually caused the income distribution gap is too big a reason.
Reforms in Eastern Europe the Soviet Union. Yeltsin shock therapy introduced at the time, the privatization of all state assets, the price is open overnight, State plans to cancel the night, the implementation of a completely free market economy. This reform resulted in a significant decline in ten years the Russian economy, GDP has dropped by nearly half, in addition to economic decline, there is an important issue, that is, within a short time resulting in an extremely unequal distribution of property. For example, in the oil industry, the original state-owned enterprises, but also the former Soviet Union's most profitable enterprises, the privatization of a night, the form is to sell, in fact, sent. Who and the government, and the people in power relationship, one might get the oil companies.
did reform the former Soviet Union, an American economist named consultant Jeffrey. Sachs, he was the leading advocate of Russia's shock therapy, and afterwards he spoke in the Russian experience, said that corruption in Russia is unprecedented anywhere in the world countries are not so serious, how many billion worth of oil a relaxed manner by a man who took to become a private company. It all depends on you and how the relationship between those in power. Next the formation of a small group of super oil oligarchs, the original state monopoly into a private oil company oligopoly. under the conditions prevailing in Russia, the economy in decline, a large number of unemployed workers, the public living large rate of decline, but few riches in the shock therapy reforms, resulting in Russia was a high degree of inequality of income distribution. This is why Putin came to power after the efforts to change a problem, he came back and took some re-nationalization of oil companies, Some of the oil oligarchs were sent to prison for tax evasion charges, he tried to correct the period of shock therapy to bring some of the adverse consequences.
(c) of the country's Gini coefficient
I said the following about the Gini coefficient. It is the economics Measurement of income distribution gap in a key indicator of value from 0 to 1,0 that absolute equality of income distribution, that all people are exactly the same income; 1 is definitely not average, that is all the income or assets are concentrated into the hands of a man, except he has no income other than people. These are two extreme cases, only a theoretical assumption. virtually all countries of the Gini coefficient of distribution between 0 and 1. is generally believed that the income distribution of 0.4 is the warning line, 0.2,0.3 is relatively equitable income, more than 0.4 on the need to guard against, that income distribution gap has been large. In this case, may lead to social instability and other issues.
view from the developed countries , only the United States in the past 50 years, in 2000, up from 0.36 to 0.4 or more. All other countries are below 0.4, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Western European countries are about 0.3. in which a large income gap between the French original, 0.49 , is now down to 0.32. Nordic countries this feature more obvious, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland the income gap in the last century 50's are above 0.4, Norway also went to 0.55, after 50 years of change has fallen to about 0.25. < br> In all the developed countries, the Nordic countries is the smallest income disparities, income distribution is relatively fair. Of course, some people say that efficiency is relatively low, but there are a significant feature that the public do not have to worry about how to do tomorrow, unemployment, old how to do, how to do sick, you all have a very peaceful state of mind, and not the poor of this society, so the relatively harmonious society, to ensure stability. When a society is unstable, the economy and then an efficient, long-term development, the loss is large. I think we must look at the direct economic efficiency, it also depends on long-term effectiveness, including factors such as social stability and harmony. In recent years, has repeatedly stressed the central building of a harmonious society, I think this is the right time.
Then simply look at the East Asian countries and regions, changes in the Gini coefficient in Japan, Korea, Singapore, China, and China Taiwan these areas, the largest income gap in China, the Gini coefficient is 0.447, which is 2000 data, 2005 is 0.47, also rose. In addition, the relative gap between Singapore and a large number of Hong Kong, China, other countries and regions are about 0.3, the income gap is relatively small.
the former Soviet Union and East Ou Jini coefficient change is Russia and China in 2000 is comparable to 0.45, the Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, the Eastern European countries are relatively low, around 0.3 or 0.3 below. although these countries experienced an economic transition, but there has been no dramatic income gap as Russia enlarged. Latin American countries are in the 50's, when 0.4 or 0.5, to become high in 2000, most of above 0.5, 0.6 is coming out of Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela is also about 0.5.
II During China's reform and changes in income distribution trends and factors influencing
(a) before and after reform, changes in the pattern of income distribution reform
pattern of income distribution before and after our important changes. the planned economy period, quite average income of urban residents, because time, we are in accordance with the provisions of the wage central to practice. there regional disparities, wage levels are still less developed areas may be higher because of regional subsidies. quite average income of urban residents, but only low level of income of rural residents and urban and rural areas and rural areas between the relatively large gap between individuals in urban and rural per capita income .1978, the city is 343 yuan, 133 yuan in rural areas only, a difference of 2.6 times. At that time 32% of the rural population is poor, and this is a very low poverty standard, according to 100 yuan per capita to count, the annual income of the rural population accounted for less than 100 1 / 3.
early stages of reform, due to the implementation of the rural household responsibility system and a series of reforms, rapidly rising rural incomes, particularly in the early 80s, and the national income gap between urban and rural areas have tended to narrow. While per capita income of the entire reform period of rapid growth, but 84 years after the income gap has continued to expand, to the early 90s, more than the warning level of 0.4 Gini coefficient . Gini coefficient from the change in situation, from 1978 to 1984, a decline phase, because the first reforms in rural areas, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas. And since the mid-80s, is basically the stage of the increasing gap.
of income since the reform distribution of such factors could be summed up in three aspects. the most important factor is the urban-rural dual structure. This is the historical legacy of the old problems. China's urban and rural per capita income ratio is 2.6 times that of 1978, to 2008 is 3.3 times, indicating that urban-rural gap continues to expand, but there are signs of slowing last year or two.
The second factor is the imbalance in regional development, measured by per capita GDP, the highest Shanghai, Guizhou, the lowest difference of 14 in 1978 times, is still a difference of 8 times in 2008. from 14 times to 8 times can not explain the gap region, as it is based on Shanghai, for example, if the entire eastern coastal areas compared to central and western regions, but also do not see the regional gap significantly reduced the trend. In recent years, some provinces in central and western regions relatively fast development, economic growth is high. especially the financial crisis, the east by the relatively large, the Midwest was less affected. but there are problems, that is the central and western region's economic growth statistics may be relatively large number of water. So that tends to narrow the regional gap has been also worth exploring the idea.
third factor is the income gap between classes, sectors of the population between the income gap is widening. with The data of urban residents, according to 10% of the group, equally divided into 10 groups of urban households. According to statistics, the maximum and minimum set of a group, a difference of 6.2 times in 1995, 2007, a difference of 8.7 times, 8.7 times in fact, still seriously underestimated the actual difference even more. the highest and lowest per capita income in rural areas compared, 1995 was 9.5 times, 12.4 times in 2004. Overall, the income gap is widening, but the widening income gap in rural areas than in cities to ease some .
these factors, different income gap between classes has become the lead is now a major factor in the widening income gap or dominant factor. Although the urban-rural gap, regional disparity is not resolved, but the years of attention to vulnerable groups to implement developing the western region, Northeast China policy, the regional policy, rural policy in a way of reducing regional disparities and urban-rural gap helpful. is still rapidly expanding income gap between classes. The following specific about cause income widening gap between a few reasons.
(b) stages of development and structural transformation of the income distribution
stage of development we are now in the midst of rapid industrialization and urbanization process, while gone from planning system transition to a market system, which led to the widening gap of income distribution. the last century 50's, the U.S. economist, Lewis proposed model of urban-rural dual structure. He historical data with the United States found that when large numbers of workers from rural to city, from agriculture to non-agriculture, this process due to the sufficient supply of labor, that is an unlimited supply of labor, rising wages suppressed. was supposed to be economic growth, per capita income growth, but no corresponding increase in wages during that period, because the stream of The new labor to the cities continue to have jobs in the competition, inhibition of increased wages.
situation in China is actually very typical reflection of the Lewis model to describe the situation. 30 years of urban population rose from 170 million to 600 million people, and now there are 100 million 4 million migrant workers in cities and towns to work, every year millions of rural laborers to cities added to such a labor supply and demand conditions in the long suppressed wages rise. but high growth economy , the main fruits of growth into the growth of non-labor income, wages grow more slowly. This leads to a widening income gap. As the impact of labor supply and demand. eastern coastal areas of these small rise in wages, especially unskilled labor. Last year, two years ago may once wages rose faster, but the financial crisis a result, wage growth has slowed down.
In addition, market-oriented reforms tend to improve the return on capital and human capital, but also widened income gap . the wages of almost all before the reform, the income level is very equal. After the reforms, the transition to distribution through the market, according to the contribution of distribution of production factors. As the supply of scarce human capital, high-quality personnel, management, engineering and technical personnel in return rising rapidly; ordinary workers without a corresponding substantial increase in wage levels, so the income gap widened. From the above factors, in the current stage of development, a certain degree of income disparity is inevitable, but also need to take measures to mitigate against the excessively wide gap.
(c) policy factors on income distribution
The next question is the influence of income distribution policies. We can not simply be attributed to the widening income gap is now stage of development and market-oriented reforms, because the widening gap there is another factor. At the policy level, I think the reason is that there is a considerable degree of imbalance between the elements of configuration, the local government's goal is to GDP, is growing, is a big investment, governments at all levels too keen to encourage capital-intensive investment, providing incentives for large businesses; and relatively speaking, inadequate attention to the labor-intensive small enterprises. In the past there are a variety of preferential policies for small and medium enterprises, but implementation The results are not satisfactory, the policy finally gave many of those larger medium-sized enterprises, small businesses benefit from relatively small.
particular statistic is called level of government's vision (the size of the following is an enterprise with annual sales of 500 million or less). According to the 2004 Economic Census, if the industry with these small enterprises engaged in industry self-employed, their employment accounted for 71 industrial employment %. which only the scale of these small businesses and self-employed, accounted for 44% of industrial employment. service in the scale below the proportion of small businesses may be greater, but because of incomplete statistics, there is no specific figures. We can make a general judge the scale of these small businesses account for roughly half of China's non-agricultural employment.
actually depends largely on the employment of small businesses, micro businesses, because they are labor-intensive employment to absorb the most direct, the greatest impact. But the companies used to consider the Government's policy is not within the scope of, I think this is a very big problem. As we consider the employment policy, it is often ignored. because economists have been saying that the financing difficulties of small business loans no credit. The People's Bank had done a survey, said the basic situation of medium and small enterprises are good loans, small business loans is also good. But the People's Bank survey of small-scale enterprises are more, but may be larger scale that part.
how to shift the focus of the Government's concern to come in this direction, is a prominent problem. because of the development of small business employment, workers have a significant effect on the income of .90 years, China's economic growth employment elasticity fell from 0.4 to 0.1, meaning that the original 1 percentage point of economic growth, employment growth of 0.4 percentage points; is 1 percentage point of economic growth, employment growth of only 0.1 percentage points. There are supply-side factors, but policy factors impact is also very important. So from the above view, only the pursuit of economic growth on employment is not much help.
(d) the institutional factors that affect the distribution of income
Next, I turn to the institutional factors that impact on income distribution . the current system, there are many factors that led to the widening income gap, one factor is the redistribution, social security and public service system issues. In this one, first is the income redistribution system is not perfect. The first is personal income tax. my personal income tax is progressive, high income, the tax rate is also high. but actually in the collection process, the progressive tax rate becomes regressive. because the personal income tax wage workers can not run away, when the wages deducted from the payroll. But high-income class is not a large number of income in the hands of the tax system, this part can be tax evasion. so the more high-income residents of the lower effective tax rate, lower than in the low-income residents, which makes the original progressive income tax into a regressive tax.
followed by transfer payments, despite the efforts of increasing transfer payments, but the low efficiency of transfer payments. As an example, more than 400 poor counties in China, the central fiscal year spend a lot of money helping the poor, supporting their development. But Although the money assigned to the counties, ultimately, the hands of the poor not to fight a big question mark. I do some investigation of poor rural, often see the most luxurious buildings throughout the county government building, the most luxurious car Government cars. not far from the county have poor villages, rural poverty, the poverty situation of very poor villages, poverty abound. Central continued to spend money to solve poverty, but the money is not necessarily the poor who are beautiful flowers. < br> Once again, incomplete social security system covering the issue. Social Security is basically the last city urban workers and the urban formal workers. of non-regular employment and not post the workers, urban residents did not work basically no coverage. now covers efforts have been added large, including the rural areas have also established a Rural Minimum Living Standard and the br> Finally, public service is not in place, especially in health, education and low-rent housing, which provides services to low-income residents is far not in place. Some people say that low-income residents, health care, education, housing is three big mountains is the tax system. China's taxation system in the lack of a reasonable resource tax, monopoly profits tax adjustment. dividends of state-owned enterprises, land transfer these systems are also related to fiscal and taxation system. our resources where are the benefits? 140 dollars last year, oil a barrel of crude oil profits increased substantially, as corporate earnings. But excess profits of oil resources is actually produced, which companies should not be able to appropriation. business should be to get the operating profit, rather than resource gain . resource revenue should be included in the distribution system throughout the country, but China did not, the existing resource tax is a nominal tax. Shanxi coal bosses get the coal mining rights, to open a coal mine to riches, while coal mine accidents have occurred However, despite repeated prohibitions. no qualifications, no standards of security conditions continue to mining companies, are of interest for guidance. who gets resources, resources that is, who benefits, it also led to corruption. Government officials in the coal shares, to the unqualified coal mines to provide umbrella, these problems are quite serious. I think this is not simply a question of ownership, mainly resource tax issues and institutional problems. We must create a more robust tax system, the resource revenue into the state treasury, for the people, rather than attributed to a minority share of these resources, businesses and individuals.
monopoly situation is similar to the extraordinarily high profits of some companies, the key is that it is in a monopoly position. monopoly profits should not be owned by individual income, corporate income or minority, and there should be a regulatory tax on monopoly profits. state-owned enterprises are also participating more recently discussed the issue. state-owned enterprises are the state investment company, the state has the right to participate as a shareholder dividend. Since the reform of state-owned enterprises are no longer turned over to the state after-tax profit, after tax profit is their own, so also resulted in rising corporate savings, part of the state-owned enterprise profits accumulated in large numbers. delegating powers and benefits of reform is the beginning, but now state-owned enterprises need to establish a reasonable bonus system.
There is also the issue of land transfer system. Now some local governments in China has become a land finance, only the sale of land to the money, but by land sales to finance to maintain the operation, which is very unreasonable. land in the circulation generated in the process ...